Contains PDF journal articles for this department http://ir.tum.ac.ke/handle/123456789/177 2026-06-13T18:41:53Z 2026-06-13T18:41:53Z Kahindo J.M., J.M. http://ir.tum.ac.ke/handle/123456789/17674 2025-10-28T00:00:11Z 0202-08-16T00:00:00Z

Flavonoids Diversity and Therapeutic Significance in Terminalia brownii Kahindo J.M., J.M. Terminalia brownii species within the family Combretaceae, is a widely distributed deciduous tree native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, particularly in Eastern and Central parts, including Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Uganda. Traditionally, various parts of T. brownii, including the bark, leaves and roots have been used in folk medicine to manage diarrhea, malaria, wound infections, respiratory disorders, and gastrointestinal conditions. The medicinal value of T. brownii is largely attributed to its rich profile of secondary metabolites, notably tannins, saponins, alkaloids, phenolics, and flavonoids. Flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol and luteolin have been identified in different plant parts, contributing to the plant's antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. Despite growing interest in the pharmacological properties of T. brownii, comprehensive reviews focusing specifically on the diversity and therapeutic relevance of its flavonoid compounds remain limited. This review aims to bridge that gap by summarizing the subclasses of flavonoids isolated from different parts of T. brownii and highlighting their medicinal applications with a view toward informing future drug discovery and development efforts. : 10.9734/CSJI/2025/v34i4984

0202-08-16T00:00:00Z Mwakumanya, Mwanasiti O. Ng’ong’a, Florence A. Kyama, Mutinda C. Maina, Esther N. http://ir.tum.ac.ke/handle/123456789/17583 2024-05-25T00:00:59Z 2022-04-01T00:00:00Z

Phytochemical analysis and safety evaluation of ethanol roots extract of Erythrina sacleuxii hua in Wistar albino rats Mwakumanya, Mwanasiti O.; Ng’ong’a, Florence A.; Kyama, Mutinda C.; Maina, Esther N. Erythrina sacleuxii, one of five Erythrina species found in Kenya, is a stiffly multi-branched deciduous tree reported to have antiplasmodial, antifungal, anti-bacterial and anti-cancer activities. This study aimed at evaluating acute and sub-acute oral toxicity of E. sacleuxii roots ethanolic extract. Phytochemical analysis was conducted on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer. For acute and sub-acute toxicity studies 16 male rats n=4/group were used. The control group received 2% DMSO while treatment groups received 400, 1200 and 2400 mg/kg single dose (acute toxicity assay) and repeated for 14 days in subacute toxicity assay. Histopathological, serum biochemistry and hematological tests were analyzed. The results of FT-IR analysis recorded 12 dominant peaks, confirming availability of N-H, C-N, -C=C-, C-H, S=O, C-O and C-C functional groups. GC-MS analysis revealed presence of 17 bioactive phytochemicals mainly terpenoids and phenols. No toxic effect, organ toxicity or death was recorded in acute toxicity assay. In the subacute toxicity investigation, rats' behavior, gross pathology, and hematological parameters showed no significant changes. Biochemical analysis indicated an increase in alkaline phosphatase from 147 U/L at 400 mg/kg to 164 U/L at 2400 mg/kg however this was not statistically significant and no mortality was recorded. In comparison to the negative control, treatment groups’ gross and histopathology of livers and kidneys had no significant difference. These results demonstrate that 80% ethanolic extract of E. sacleuxii roots has no severe effects in both acute and subacute study. However, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies are necessary for further validation. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR2021.7204

2022-04-01T00:00:00Z Yusuf, Rahma Udu Oyweri, Job Gathirwa, Jeremiah http://ir.tum.ac.ke/handle/123456789/17569 2024-03-28T00:00:41Z 2021-02-03T00:00:00Z

Antimalarial Activity of Nigella sativa L. Seed Extracts and Selection of Resistance in Plasmodium berghei ANKA in a Mouse Model Yusuf, Rahma Udu; Oyweri, Job; Gathirwa, Jeremiah Chemotherapy plays a crucial role in malaria control. However, the main obstacle to treatment has been the rise of parasite resistance to most antimalarial drugs. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) remain the most effective antimalarial medicines available today. However, malaria parasite tolerance to ACTs is now increasingly prevalent especially in Southeast Asia presenting the danger of the spread of ACTs resistance to other parts of the world. Consequently, this creates the need for alternative effective antimalarials. (erefore, this study sought out to determine antimalarial potential, safety, and resistance development of the extracts in a mouse model. Method. Methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts were obtained by solvent extraction. (e extracts were assayed for acute toxicity in vivo. Additionally, the two extracts were evaluated for antimalarial activity in vivo against Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain by the 4-day suppressive test at 500, 250, and 125 mg/kg/day. Packed cell volume was evaluated to determine anemia manifestation. Finally, continuous drug pressure experiment at 500 mg/kg and DNA amplification via PCR were conducted. (e amplicons underwent through Sanger sequencing. Results. (ere was no toxicity realized in the animals at 2000 mg/kg. Importantly, high parasitemia suppression of 75.52% and 75.30% using a dose of 500 mg/kg of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively, was noted. (e extracts were able to reverse packed cell volume reduction. Nigella sativa-resistant phenotype was selected as delayed parasite clearance. However, there was no change in the nucleotide sequences of PbMDR1 and PbCRT genes. Conclusion. (e results provide room for future exploitation of the plant as an antimalarial https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6165950

2021-02-03T00:00:00Z Sawa, Patrick Shekalaghe, Seif A. Drakeley, Chris J. Sutherland, Colin J. Mweresa, Collins K. Baidjoe, Amrish Y. Manjurano, Alphaxard Kavishe, Reginald A. Beshir, Khalid B. Yussuf, Rahma U. Omar, Sabah A. Hermsen, Cornelus C. Okell, Lucy Schallig, Henk D. F. H. Sauerwein, Robert W. Hallett, , Rachel L. Bousema, Teun http://ir.tum.ac.ke/handle/123456789/17568 2024-03-28T00:00:38Z 2013-03-06T00:00:00Z

Malaria Transmission After Artemether-Lumefantrine and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine: A Randomized Trial Sawa, Patrick; Shekalaghe, Seif A.; Drakeley, Chris J.; Sutherland, Colin J.; Mweresa, Collins K.; Baidjoe, Amrish Y.; Manjurano, Alphaxard; Kavishe, Reginald A.; Beshir, Khalid B.; Yussuf, Rahma U.; Omar, Sabah A.; Hermsen, Cornelus C.; Okell, Lucy; Schallig, Henk D. F. H.; Sauerwein, Robert W.; Hallett, , Rachel L.; Bousema, Teun Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) reduces the potential for malaria transmission, compared with non-ACTs. It is unclear whether this effect differs between ACTs. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit077

2013-03-06T00:00:00Z