Browsing Department of Environmental and Health Sciences by Author "Were, Tom"
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Anemia Burden, Types and Associated Risk Factors among Kenyan Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Co-infected Injection Substance UsersAnemia Burden, Types and Associated Risk Factors among Kenyan Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 a
Abonyo, Collins; Nathan1, Shaviya; Budambula, Valentine; Were, Tom (African Journal Online, 2020)BACKGROUND፡ Although injection substance users and individuals co-infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis suffer marked hematologic derangements, the rates, levels, morphologic types and ... -
Assemblages and Subassemblages of Giardia duodenalis in Rural Western, Kenya: Association with Sources, Signs, and Symptoms
Barasa, Erick; Indieka, Briston; Shaviya, Nathan; Osoro, Ezra; Maloba, Geofrey; Mukhongo, Denis; Budambula, Valentine; Were, Tom (Hindawi, 2024)Giardia duodenalis causes sporadic or epidemic infections in humans. The parasite comprises assemblages A-H with A and B subdivided further into AI-IV and BI-IV subassemblages. Attempts aimed at linking these genotypes ... -
The burden and types of anaemia among HIV infected, ART-naive injection substance users in Kenya
Khazalwa, Emmanuel Mulaya; Were, Tom; Mulama, David Hughes; Budambula, Valentine (AJOL, 2022-03)Illicit substance use and HIV infection cause haematological derangements. Anaemia characterized by a reduction in the quality and quantity erythrocytes is the most common disorder in both HIV-positive persons and illicit ... -
Clinical chemistry profiles in injection heroin users from Coastal Region, Kenya
Were, Tom; Wesongah, Jesca O; Munde, Elly; Ouma, Collins; Kahiga, Titus M; Ongecha-Owuo, Francisca; Kiarie, James N; Ahmed, Aabid A; Makokha, Ernest P; Budambula, Valentine (BioMed Central, 2014-07)Although the co-burden of injection drug use and HIV is increasing in Africa, little is known about the laboratory markers of injection drug use and anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in Kenyan injection drug users. This ... -
Escherichia coli pathotypes and Shigella sero-groups in diarrheic children in Nairobi city, Kenya
Nyang, Peter Lokamar; Onyuka, Jackson; Webale, Mark Kilongosi; Were, Tom; Budambula, Valentine (Shahid Beheshti University, 2017)In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of E. coli pathotypes and Shigella sero-groups and their antimicrobial profiles among diarrheic children in Nairobi city, Kenya. -
Functional Haplotypes in the ADIPOQ Gene are Associated with Underweight, Immunosuppression and Viral Suppression in Kenyan HIV-1 Infected Antiretroviral Treatment Naive and Experienced Injection Substance Users
Nathan, Shaviya; Budambula, Valentine; Were, Tom (African Journal Online, 2020)BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus and injection substance use have an influence on genes and gene expression. These effects could be beneficial or detrimental in defining disease outcomes. Adiponectin gene is key ... -
Hepatitis B virus sero-profiles and genotypes in HIV-1 infected and uninfected injection and Non-injection drug users from coastal Kenya
Webale, Mark K.; Budambula, Valentine; Lihana, Raphael; Musumba, Francis O; . Nyamache, Anthony K.; Budambula, Nancy L. M.; Ahmed, Aabid A.; Ouma, Collins; Were, Tom (BioMed Central, 2015)Information about HBV sero-markers, infection stages and genotypes in HIV-1 infected and uninfected injection and non-injection drug users (IDUs) in Kenya remains elusive. -
HIV-1 protease inhibitor drug resistance in Kenyan antiretroviral treatment-naive and -experienced injection drug users and non-drug users
Budambula, Valentine; Musumba, Francis O.; Webale, Mark K.; Kahiga, Titus M.; Ongecha‑Owuor, Francisca; . Kiarie, James N.; Sowayi, George A.; Ahmed, , Aabid A.; Ouma, Collins; Were, Tom (BioMed Central, 2015)Although injection drug use drives antiretroviral drug resistance, the prevalence of protease inhibitor (PI) resistance among Kenyan IDUs remains undetermined. We, therefore, explored PI resistance mutations and their ... -
Serum adiponectin in HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus mono- and coinfected Kenyan injection drug users
Ndombi, Eric M; Budambula, Valentine; Webale, Mark K; Musumba, Francis O; Wesongah, Jesca O; Mibei, Erick; Ahmed, Aabid A; Lihana, Raphael; Were, Tom (BioMed Central, 2015)Adiponectin is an important marker of anthropometric profiles of adipose tissue. However, association of adiponectin and adiposity in HIV mono- and co-infected and hepatitis (HCV) injection drug users (IDUs) has not been ... -
Socio-demographic and sexual practices associated with HIV infection in Kenyan injection and non-injection drug users
Budambula, Valentine; Matoka, Charles; Ouma, James; Ahmed, Aabid A; Otieno, Michael F.; Were, Tom (BioMed Central, 2018-01)Substance use is increasingly becoming prevalent on the African continent, fueling the spread of HIV infection. Although socio-demographic factors influence substance consumption and risk of HIV infection, the association ...